用水稻微卫星引物进行竹子分子系统学研究初探

竹子和水稻在进化上有较近的亲缘关系 ,本文利用水稻的微卫星引物对竹子的分子系统学进行了初步研究。与传统的分类结果不同 ,研究发现巴山木竹属是与青篱竹属相关属分化较大的 1个竹种 ,同时也证实了巴山木竹属作为 1个单独的属是成立的。研究也明确了茶秆竹的分类学位置。本研究从 1个不同的层面对青篱竹属相关属及属下一些竹种的关系提供了 1个新的研究结果 ,为利用现代分子生物学技术对广义青篱竹属的系统学研究提供了 1个借鉴。同时本研究对开展竹子的分子生物学研究提供了 1个崭新的思路和方法     

Construction of a novel densitometer that utilizes a near-infrared laser system with Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Abstract

A novel densitometer consisting of a continuous wave near-infrared (NIR) laser source and an avalanche photodiode module as the detector has been designed, which can rapidly and non-destructively measure the density of wood. The wood density of a small area (3.14 mm²) at the radial-transverse face was continuously estimated using the intensity of the transmitted light with the aid of the modified Lambert-Beer law. By conducting a validity evaluation with statistical coefficients, it was shown that the constructed system could obtain the sharp density profile compatible with X-ray densitometer [Root mean squared error of calibration (RMSEC) = 0.045 g cm^?3, Root mean squared error of validation (RMSEV) = 0.046 g cm^?3). It was concluded that the constructed NIR device has high performance from the viewpoint of operability, measuring time and safety.     

基于层次聚类算法的大型玉米收获机械模块划分方法

针对大型玉米收获机械传统设计模式研发周期长,设计成本高等问题,采用分层次模块划分方法,对玉米收获机械进行功能划分,将总功能分解为一级功能、二级功能和功能载体,建立产品的功能主结构后,将整机划分为9个功能模块;基于功能-装配-能量接口关系,提出了部件层的模块划分原则,通过零部件之间的功能关系、装配关系、能量-接口关系建立加权模糊矩阵,将抽象的连接关系映射为具体化的关联矩阵,采用层次聚类算法求解关联矩阵,将9个功能模块细分为186个二级模块和645个子模块,从而实现了玉米收获机部件层零部件模块的精确划分。为实现该模块划分方法的工程应用,基于Qt Creator平台,开发大型玉米收获机械模块化快速设计系统,该系统可完成模块划分、模块管理和基于用户需求的模块配置等功能,从而实现大型玉米收获机械的快速设计。与传统玉米收获机械设计方法相比,应用模块划分方法可显著提升大型玉米收获机械设计效率,缩短整机产品的开发周期。     

草莓种子实生苗的病毒分子检测

草莓易感染病毒,从而导致产量减少和品质下降。目前生产上主要采用茎尖组织培养脱毒的方法,并不能保证完全脱除病毒,还需要进行无病毒检测鉴定。因此,需进一步探索简便、高效、免检的脱毒体系。利用RT-PCR技术,以草莓肌动蛋白基因序列为内标,结合4种草莓病毒特异性扩增,验证了草莓种子实生苗不携带病毒。旨在助推种子繁殖型草莓品种的应用。     

基于区域语义和边缘信息融合的作物苗期植株分割模型

为在自然环境下准确分割作物苗期植株,实现苗期植株定位及其表型自动化测量,本文提出一种融合目标区域语义和边缘信息的作物苗期植株分割网络模型。以U-Net网络构建主干网络,基于侧边深度监督机制,引导主干网络在提取特征时能感知植株边缘信息;利用空间空洞特征金字塔构建特征融合模块,融合主干网络和边缘感知模块提取的特征,融合后的特征图具有足够的细节信息和更强的语义信息;联合边缘感知的损失与特征融合的损失,构建联合损失函数,用于整体网络优化。实验结果表明,本文模型对不同数据集的作物植株的语义分割像素准确率高达0.962,平均交并比达到0.932;与U-Net、SegNet、PSPNet、DeepLabV3模型相比,本文模型在不同数据集上平均交并比最高提升0.07,对自然环境下作物苗期植株具有良好的分割效果和泛化能力,可为植株定位、对靶喷药、长势识别等应用提供重要依据。     

METTL21C蛋白的序列特征、三维结构及分子进化

METTL21C蛋白作为甲基转移酶参与多种细胞进程的翻译后修饰,在生命活动中发挥重要的调控作用。从蛋白质信息数据库UniprotKB中选取36个不同代表物种的METTL21C蛋白作为研究对象,理化参数分析显示一级序列中氨基酸残基个数差异较大,平均为254个氨基酸残基,大多为偏酸亲水性蛋白。系统进化树显示36种METTL21C蛋白共分为哺乳类、爬行类、鸟类和鱼类4支,与物种的亲缘进化关系基本吻合。多序列比对和motif分析结果表明不同物种METTL21C蛋白的序列相似度较高,10个motif序列几乎覆盖了全长多肽链,大都含有motif 1～motif 5,但N端序列差异较大,在哺乳动物中包含特有的motif 7、motif 8和motif 10,而在多种鸟类中有大段序列缺失。结构对比分析发现不同物种METTL21C蛋白的空间构象绝大部分区域近乎完全重叠,仅少部分自由度较高的局部肽段有一定程度的差异,表明不同物种METTL21C在进化过程中一级序列有一定的差异,但是空间结构极为相似。以人METTL21C为蛋白质互作网络中心,直接相关蛋白质共11种,间接相关蛋白质共9种,说明METTL21C直接或间接参与多种细胞进程,调控机体的生命活动,为进一步深入研究METTL21C的生物学功能及其分子机制提供了理论基础。     

重型拖拉机控制器的CCP底层驱动与上位机设计

针对重型拖拉机控制器的在线标定测量问题,以32位单片机MPC5744P为例,开发了控制器局域网络标定协议(controller area network calibration protocol,简称CCP)的底层驱动程序。依据CCP的需求设计了FlexCAN模块、PIT模块以及Flash模块的底层驱动程序。为实现对变量的在线标定,利用Python的外部工具PyQt5设计了相应的上位机。为验证所设计系统的性能,通过上位机对MPC5744P单片机进行了变量的在线标定测量测试。试验结果表明,设计的CCP底层驱动能够通过与上位机的交互准确实现变量的在线标定测量,符合设计要求。     

Molecular cloning and functional analysis of duck Toll-like receptor 5

Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is responsible for the recognition of bacterial flagellin in vertebrates. In this study, we cloned the single-exon TLR5 gene of the Maya breed of Common Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna). The TLR5 open reading frame is 2580 bp in length and encodes an 859-amino acid protein. The putative amino acid sequence of duck TLR5 consisted of a signal peptide sequence, 11 leucine-rich repeat domains, a leucine-rich repeat C-terminal domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain. The duck TLR5 gene was highly expressed in the lung, bone marrow, spleen, and liver; moderately expressed in kidney, small intestine, large intestine, and brain. A plasmid expressing duck TLR5 was constructed and transfected into HEK293T cells, and expression was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. HEK293T cells transfected with duck TLR5- and NF-κB-luciferase-containing plasmids significantly responded to flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium, indicating that it is a functional TLR5 homolog.     

A Polymorphism in the Melanocortin 4 Receptor Gene (MC4R:c.92C>T) Is Associated with Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight Domestic Shorthaired Cats

Background

Feline diabetes mellitus (DM) shares many pathophysiologic features with human type 2 DM. Human genome‐wide association studies have identified genes associated with obesity and DM, including melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), which plays an important role in energy balance and appetite regulation.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the feline MC4R gene and to determine whether any SNPs are associated with DM or overweight body condition in cats.

Animals

Two‐hundred forty domestic shorthaired (DSH) cats were recruited for the study. Of these, 120 diabetics were selected (60 overweight, 60 lean), along with 120 nondiabetic controls (60 overweight and 60 lean). Males and females were equally represented.

Methods

A prospective case‐control study was performed. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples and used as template for PCR amplification of the feline MC4R gene. The coding region of the gene was sequenced in 10 cats to identify polymorphisms. Subsequently, genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis assessed MC4R:c.92C > T allele and genotype frequencies in each group of cats.

Results

No significant differences in MC4R:c.92C>T allele or genotype frequencies were identified between nondiabetic overweight and lean cats. In the overweight diabetic group, 55% were homozygous for the MC4R:c.92C allele, compared to 33% of the lean diabetics and 30% of the nondiabetics. The differences between the overweight diabetic and the nondiabetics were significant (P < .01).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We identified a polymorphism in the coding sequence of feline MC4R that is associated with DM in overweight DSH cats, similar to the situation in humans.     

Genetic diversity of livestock-associated MRSA isolates obtained from piglets from farrowing until slaughter age on four farrow-to-finish farms

During a previous longitudinal study, performed on four farrow-to-finish farms (A to D), samples were taken from twelve sows, their offspring, and the environment on various occasions over six months to study the MRSA presence. During the present study, a selection of the obtained MRSA isolates were typed by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, and SCCmec typing to study the genetic diversity of LA-MRSA isolates and to determine possible MRSA sources for pig(let)s. PFGE, spa typing, and SCCmec typing revealed the presence of one or few dominant genotype(s) per farm. In contrast, 212 MLVA types were detected on the four farms, forming one cluster on farm A, three on farm B, four on farm C and two on farm D. The genotype, found on farm A was unique for this farm. Farms B, C and D shared one cluster. In general, MLVA types from these clusters were isolated from piglets, sows, and the environment on various sampling events. Piglets carried MLVA types both related and unrelated to their mother sows’ MLVA types at farrowing and onwards. In conclusion, molecular typing revealed that within a farm one or a few dominant strain(s) are widespread. Potential MRSA sources for piglets were mother sows, the environment and other piglets.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-014-0089-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.